Is Marijuana Use Safe During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding?

As marijuana legalization spreads across the United States, a significant trend has emerged: the rising use of cannabis among pregnant women. But is this practice safe? The debate continues, as studies reveal varying effects of marijuana use on both pregnant mothers and their developing babies.

One notable study, the Ottawa Prenatal Prospective Study, which began in 1978, has followed approximately 200 children of marijuana-using mothers into adulthood. This longitudinal research, along with similar studies like the U.S.-based Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Study and the Generation R study, provide valuable insights into the long-term impacts of prenatal marijuana exposure. However, these studies also raise questions about the potential risks associated with cannabis use during pregnancy.

Recent statistics show a worrying trend: In 2002, 2.3% of pregnant women reported using marijuana, a figure that rose to 3.84% by 2014. This increase coincides with a notable rise in the potency of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in marijuana products. THC, the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, has quadrupled in concentration over the years, potentially exacerbating any negative effects on fetal development.

Despite these concerns, cannabis use during pregnancy is becoming more prevalent. In California, for instance, the percentage of women using cannabis during pregnancy jumped from 3% in 2002 to about 8% in 2020. This rise in usage aligns with the broader trend of increased marijuana consumption as more states legalize it for recreational purposes.

However, the safety of using marijuana in any form during pregnancy remains a topic of debate. The exposure to THC and other chemicals in marijuana, whether through smoking, vaping, eating, or applying topical products, could potentially harm the developing fetus. There are also concerns about secondhand marijuana smoke and its impact on pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth and stillbirth.

Medical professionals continue to advise caution. Research suggests that women who use marijuana may face more challenges in conceiving, with a study published in Human Reproduction indicating potential difficulties in getting pregnant for marijuana users compared to non-users.

In light of these findings, many experts recommend against using marijuana during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Pregnant women or those planning to become pregnant are encouraged to discuss their cannabis use with their healthcare providers to understand the potential risks and make informed decisions.

While there’s still much to learn about the effects of marijuana use during pregnancy, it’s clear that caution and further research are needed. As the conversation around cannabis continues to evolve, it’s essential to consider the potential risks to both mothers and their developing babies.