When a nerve is cut or damaged, it has the remarkable ability to try and repair itself. This process begins with the nerve fibers, known as axons, shrinking back and “resting” for about a month. After this initial period, the axons start to regrow, regenerating at a rate of approximately 1 millimeter per day.
The Nerve Regeneration Process
The extent to which a nerve will recover from an injury is variable and often incomplete. However, the nerve’s ability to regenerate is a testament to the body’s remarkable healing capabilities. The key to successful nerve repair is ensuring the cut nerve ends are brought back together and repaired surgically.
If the nerve ends are not properly reconnected, the nerve fibers will still attempt to grow and find the other end. Unfortunately, this often results in the formation of a painful lump of nerve ends, known as a neuroma, which can be sensitive to touch or pressure.
Factors Affecting Nerve Repair
The time it takes for a nerve to recover depends on the severity of the injury and the type of nerve that was damaged. Sensory nerves, which transmit feelings of touch, pressure, and temperature, are generally more resilient and can recover sensation months or even years after an injury.
Motor nerves, which control muscle movement, have a more limited window for healing. If a motor nerve is not repaired within 12-18 months, the connection between the nerve and the muscle can be permanently lost, leading to muscle atrophy and loss of function.